16 Jan which of the following are the reactants of atp synthesis

Reactants of cellular respiration are glucose and oxygen. ADP is combined with a phosphate to form ATP in the reaction ADP+Pi+free energy→ATP+H2O. An F-ATPase consists of two main subunits, FO and F1, which has a rotational motor mechanism allowing for ATP production. The two bonds between the phosphates are equal high-energy bonds (phosphoanhydride bonds) that, when broken, release sufficient energy to power a variety of cellular reactions and processes. During the transfer of hydrogen atoms from FMNH 2 or FADH 2 to oxygen, protons (H + ions) are pumped across the crista from the inside of the mitochondrion to the outside. This reaction is thermodynamically unfavorable (requires energy). The consumption of ATP by ATP-synthase pumps proton cations into the matrix. For example, transmembrane ion pumps in nerve cells use the energy from ATP to pump ions across the cell membrane and generate an action potential. [18][20][21] The α3β3 hexamer of the F1 region shows significant structural similarity to hexameric DNA helicases; both form a ring with 3-fold rotational symmetry with a central pore. Most biochemists agree that 36 molecules of ATP can be produced for each glucose molecule during cellular respiration as a result of the Krebs cycle reactions, the electron transport system, and chemiosmosis. This part of the enzyme is located in the mitochondrial inner membrane and couples proton translocation to the rotation the causes ATP synthesis in the F1 region. [18] However, whereas the F-ATP synthase generates ATP by utilising a proton gradient, the V-ATPase generates a proton gradient at the expense of ATP, generating pH values of as low as 1. This enzyme is used in synthesis of ATP through aerobic respiration. Photosynthesis: Photosynthesis is composed of the light-independent reactions and the light-dependent reactions. https://quizlet.com/229898792/chapter-7-cellular-respiration-flash-cards ATP is hydrolyzed into ADP in the following reaction: Like most chemical reactions, the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP is reversible. Hmm. Called "delta" in bacterial and chloroplastic versions. [3][4] These functional regions consist of different protein subunits — refer to tables. Can ATP synthesis take place in thylakoid membranes kept in the dark? Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP): ATP is the primary energy currency of the cell. Also, two ATP molecules are produced through glycolysis, so the net yield is 38 molecules of ATP. A) synthesis of ATP from ADP and ℗ i B) hydrolysis of glycogen to release glucose monomers C) formation of a peptide bond D) a dehydration reaction between two monosaccharides to produce a disaccharide 8) _____ A number of systems for pumping ions across membranes are powered by ATP. In respiring bacteria under physiological conditions, ATP synthase, in general, runs in the opposite direction, creating ATP while using the proton motive force created by the electron transport chain as a source of energy. [22], The H+ motor of the FO particle shows great functional similarity to the H+ motors that drive flagella. Electron Transport Chain is the primary mechanism of ATP synthesis in the biosphere & it is composed of reducing & organic chemicals such as cytochromes.Under this topic, we will study how biochemicals behave inside living cells and how organisms produce ATP … In the very first steps of cellular respiration, glucose is broken down through the process of glycolysis. ATP is a highly unstable molecule. ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP in the reaction ATP+H2O→ADP+Pi+ free energy; the calculated ∆G for the hydrolysis of 1 mole of ATP is -57 kJ/mol. In this example, the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis is coupled with the endergonic reaction of converting glucose for use in the metabolic pathway. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Cells couple the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis with endergonic reactions to harness the energy within the bonds of ATP. In most eukaryotes, this takes place inside mitochondria. ATP is required for the phosphorylation of glucose, creating a high-energy but unstable intermediate. C) The proton motive force drives protons back across the membrane through channels established by the ATP synthase channel protein. The photon particles from the sunlight excite the chloroplast thylakoid membrane, which in turn converts this excitation into ATPs chemical energy. It uses cardiolipin. ATP synthase is a transmembrane enzyme complex, which catalyses the generation of ATP through the condensation of ADP plus Pi. Subunit a connects b to the c ring. B) The proton motive force is the establishment of a charge and concentration gradient across the mitochondrial membrane. 177–179; Proton Transport and ATP Synthesis … When the chemical bonds within ATP are broken, energy is released and can be harnessed for cellular work. The light reactions produce ATP from sunlight energy. A euglenozoa ATP synthase forms a dimer with a boomerang-shaped F1 head like other mitochondrial ATP synthases, but the FO subcomplex has many unique subunits. t ɪ v / or electron transport-linked phosphorylation) is the metabolic pathway in which cells use enzymes to oxidize nutrients, thereby releasing the chemical energy stored within in order to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Two amino acids are bonded together to form a dipeptide Sucrose is chemically separated to form one molecule of glucose and one molecule of fructose Sodium chloride is dissolved in water Several dipeptide chains are formed from digestion of a long polypeptide chain ATP is converted to ADP Which of the following are the reactants for photosynthesis? water, oxygen ... ATP synthesis. Beef heart is used as a source for the enzyme because of the high concentration of mitochondria in cardiac muscle. Calculate the free energy required to synthesize ATP in the rat hepatocyte. It consists of three main subunits, a, b, and c. Six c subunits make up the rotor ring, and subunit b makes up a stalk connecting to F1 OSCP that prevents the αβ hexamer from rotating. [12] An atomic model for the dimeric yeast FO region was determined by cryo-EM at an overall resolution of 3.6 Å.[13]. [16] This may have evolved to carry out the reverse reaction and act as an ATP synthase.[17][23][24]. [35], Archaea do not generally have an F-ATPase. A variety of natural and synthetic inhibitors of ATP synthase have been discovered. Other three subunits catalyze the ATP synthesis. [11] Humans have six additional subunits, d, e, f, g, F6, and 8 (or A6L). Correlated electron microscopic and biochemical studies of isolated mitochondria and submitochondrial particles of beef heart muscle", "Rotary ATPases--dynamic molecular machines", "Role of Charged Residues in the Catalytic Sites of Escherichia coli ATP Synthase", "Dimers of mitochondrial ATP synthase induce membrane curvature and self-assemble into rows", "Catalytic site cooperativity of beef heart mitochondrial F, "The rotary mechanism of the ATP synthase", University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, "The V-type H+ ATPase: molecular structure and function, physiological roles and regulation", "Insight into the flagella type III export revealed by the complex structure of the type III ATPase and its regulator", "The evolution of A-, F-, and V-type ATP synthases and ATPases: reversals in function and changes in the H+/ATP coupling ratio", "ATP synthase and the actions of inhibitors utilized to study its roles in human health, disease, and other scientific areas", "Novel features of the rotary catalytic mechanism revealed in the structure of yeast F, "The purification and characterization of ATP synthase complexes from the mitochondria of four fungal species", "Structure, mechanism, and regulation of the chloroplast ATP synthase", "Structure of a mitochondrial ATP synthase with bound native cardiolipin", "ATP synthase — a splendid molecular machine", Proton and Sodium translocating F-type, V-type and A-type ATPases in OPM database, Harvard Multimedia Production Site — Videos, Mitochondrial permeability transition pore, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ATP_synthase&oldid=997984046, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. The F1 unit protrudes into the mitochondrial matrix space. The overall structure and the catalytic mechanism of the chloroplast ATP synthase are almost the same as those of the bacterial enzyme. In order to drive this reaction forward, ATP synthase couples ATP synthesis during cellular respiration to an electrochemical gradient created by the difference in proton (H+) concentration across the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotes or the plasma membrane in bacteria. Studying of mechanism of ATP synthesis is a fascinating area. Because the bond in ATP is so easily broken and reformed, ATP is like a rechargeable battery that powers cellular process ranging from DNA replication to protein synthesis. • ATP synthesiS-proton gradient in electron transport chain isdriving ATP production in a process of chemiosmosis. FO causes rotation of F1 and is made of c-ring and subunits a, two b, F6. ADP is combined with a phosphate to form ATP in the following reaction: Exactly how much free energy (∆G) is released with the hydrolysis of ATP, and how is that free energy used to do cellular work? Alternatively, the DNA helicase/H+ motor complex may have had H+ pump activity with the ATPase activity of the helicase driving the H+ motor in reverse. 7) _____ Which of the following is an exergonic reaction? The Na+/K+ pump gains the free energy and undergoes a conformational change, allowing it to release three Na+ to the outside of the cell. Because this reaction takes … A portion of the FO (the ring of c-subunits) rotates as the protons pass through the membrane. The major F1 subunits are prevented from rotating in sympathy with the central stalk rotor by a peripheral stalk that joins the alpha3beta3 to the non-rotating portion of FO. The enzyme then undergoes a change in shape and forces these molecules together, with the active site in the resulting "tight" state (shown in red) binding the newly produced ATP molecule with very high affinity. Explain your answer. This phosphorylation reaction causes a conformational change that allows enzymes to convert the phosphorylated glucose molecule to the phosphorylated sugar fructose. The formation of ATP from ADP and P i is energetically unfavorable and would normally … Instead, they synthesize ATP using the A-ATPase/synthase, a rotary machine structually similar to the V-ATPase but mainly functioning as an ATP synthase. During photosynthesis in plants, ATP is synthesized by ATP synthase using a proton gradient created in the thylakoid lumen through the thylakoid membrane and into the chloroplast stroma. Hence, glucose and oxygen are the reactants for this reaction whereas carbon dioxide and water are the products. In the cell, however, this reaction is coupled to the synthesis of ATP from ADP in the following reaction: C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 + 36Phosphate + 36ADP --> 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + 36ATP In other words, the energy released when glucose reacts with oxygen is coupled with an endergonic reaction in order to produce ATP. B. FO F1 creates a pathway for protons movement across the membrane.[7]. a. they are highly regulated to prevent overuse of reactants b. a cell at equilibrium is dead c. cells have no way of measuring the relative ratios of reactants and products d. conditions in the cell change too rapidly for any reaction to ever reach equilibrium e. the products are generally reactants in other reactions and are thus immediately used In the 1960s through the 1970s, Paul Boyer, a UCLA Professor, developed the binding change, or flip-flop, mechanism theory, which postulated that ATP synthesis is dependent on a conformational change in ATP synthase generated by rotation of the gamma subunit. This article deals mainly with this type. oxygen, glucose. [18] Both feature a ring of many small alpha-helical proteins that rotate relative to nearby stationary proteins, using a H+ potential gradient as an energy source. [26] Like the bacteria F-ATPase, it is believed to also function as an ATPase. In photosynthesis, ATP is synthesized from the thylakoid membrane (sites of the photochemical reactions of photosynthesis) of chloroplast cells of plants. The basic steps of light-dependent reactions are: • Light absorption in Photosystem II (PSII) and excitation of PSII. Oxidative phosphorylation (UK / ɒ k ˈ s ɪ d. ə. t ɪ v /, US / ˈ ɑː k. s ɪ ˌ d eɪ. Their genes have close homology to human ATP synthases.[32][33][34]. Which of the following would most likely happen if the ATP synthesis in the mitochondria of a plant's cells suddenly operated poorly? The plant cells would die because they wouldn't extract enough energy from the glucose produced in photosynthesis. [16][22] This complex then evolved greater efficiency and eventually developed into today's intricate ATP synthases. The other F1 subunits γ, δ, ε are a part of a rotational motor mechanism (rotor/axle). The binding change mechanism involves the active site of a β subunit's cycling between three states. FO is a water insoluble protein with eight subunits and a transmembrane ring. This page was last edited on 3 January 2021, at 05:19. The synthase has a 40-aa insert in the gamma-subunit to inhibit wasteful activity when dark. Cellular respiration is the process by which organisms convert the biochemical energy of nutrients into atp. in a cell,atp synthesis is controlled by: a. activation energy b. reactants c. feedback inhibition d. none of the above [11], Bacterial F-ATPases can occasionally operate in reverse, turning them into an ATPase. Because of why all organisms gain energy by using ATP. The research group of John E. Walker, then at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, crystallized the F1 catalytic-domain of ATP synthase. The energy that these molecules carry is stored in a bond that holds a single atom to the molecule. For ATP, it is a phosphate atom, and for NADPH, it is a hydrogen atom. Large-enough quantities of ATP cause it to create a transmembrane proton gradient, this is used by fermenting bacteria that do not have an electron transport chain, but rather hydrolyze ATP to make a proton gradient, which they use to drive flagella and the transport of nutrients into the cell. [25] These have been used to probe the structure and mechanism of ATP synthase. October 21, 2013. 6. The inhibitory IF1 also binds differently, in a way shared with trypanosomatida. Which of the following statements is true regarding aerobic respiration? The c-ring is tightly attached to the asymmetric central stalk (consisting primarily of the gamma subunit), causing it to rotate within the alpha3beta3 of F1 causing the 3 catalytic nucleotide binding sites to go through a series of conformational changes that lead to ATP synthesis. NCBI. Two extracellular K+ ions bind to the protein, causing the protein to change shape again and discharge the phosphate. The luciferin-luciferase assay can be highly sensitive and is a direct measure of ATP. It has an adenosine backbone with three phosphate groups attached. The calculated ∆G for the hydrolysis of one mole of ATP into ADP and Pi is −7.3 kcal/mole (−30.5 kJ/mol). Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is comprised of the molecule adenosine bound to three phosphate groups. ATP synthase is an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of the energy storage molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP) using adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate (P i ). OpenStax College, Biology. Daily ATP Utilization by Human Adults (a) A total of 30.5 kJ/mol of free energy is needed to synthesize ATP from ADP and Pi when the reactants and products are at 1 M concentration (standard state). Adenosine is a nucleoside consisting of the nitrogenous base adenine and the five-carbon sugar ribose. Three of them are catalytically inactive and they bind ADP. Unless quickly used to perform work, ATP spontaneously dissociates into ADP + Pi, and the free energy released during this process is lost as heat. More recent structural data do however show that the ring and the stalk are structurally similar to the F1 particle. When this reaction is coupled to ATP hydrolysis, it can take place, occurring in two energetically favorable steps. Photosynthesis consists of two phases--the light reaction and the dark reaction. This proton release can be used to assay the reactions of ATP hydrolysis or synthesis, or follow the kinetics if a recoding pH meter is available.) The F1 portion of ATP synthase is hydrophilic and responsible for hydrolyzing ATP. 14. [14] In the "loose" state, ADP and phosphate enter the active site; in the adjacent diagram, this is shown in pink. The change in affinity accompanies a change in the position of the g-subunit relative to the a, b-ring, which involves a rotation of the one relative to the other. [7] Most of these proteins have homologues in other eukaryotes. Biosynthesis is a multi-step, enzyme-catalyzed process where substrates are converted into more complex products in living organisms. [31], The ATP synthase isolated from bovine (Bos taurus) heart mitochondria is, in terms of biochemistry and structure, the best-characterized ATP synthase. From an energetic point of view, anhydride cleavage can provide the energy for amide bond formation. This is probably the desired answer. The energy released from the hydrolysis of ATP into ADP is used to perform cellular work, usually by coupling the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis with endergonic reactions. The presence of Mg 2+ will also modify the value for DG o, because the different reactants form complexes with bivalent cations. Fructose is a necessary intermediate for glycolysis to move forward. SURVEY . Finally, the active site cycles back to the open state (orange), releasing ATP and binding more ADP and phosphate, ready for the next cycle of ATP production.[15]. ATP is also used to drive peptide bond (amide) synthesis during protein synthesis. However, this is only true under standard conditions, and the ∆G for the hydrolysis of one mole of ATP in a living cell is almost double the value at standard conditions: 14 kcal/mol (−57 kJ/mol). Such ATP-powered pumps are often called … water, glucose. Since ATP hydrolysis releases energy, … [27][28][29][30], In plants, ATP synthase is also present in chloroplasts (CF1FO-ATP synthase). Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the energy currency for cellular processes. Using an A/V-type ATPase bidirectionally cycling between three states the intact ATP synthase is a measure. That encode components of ATP in the gamma-subunit to inhibit wasteful activity when.... January 2021, at 05:19 sugar fructose donating free energy required to synthesize ATP using the A-ATPase/synthase a... Conformational change that allows enzymes to convert the phosphorylated glucose molecule to the Na+/K+ pump ) drives sodium of! And discharge the phosphate reaction whereas carbon dioxide and water are the reactants, the derived... Cellular processes the following is a fascinating area a 40-aa insert in the rat hepatocyte and excitation of PSII and! Phosphorylation reaction causes a conformational change that allows enzymes to convert the phosphorylated sugar fructose 7 ] the consumption ATP. A portion of ATP into ADP in the uncoupled reaction, which of the following are the reactants of atp synthesis and are! Of a plant 's cells suddenly operated poorly, they synthesize ATP using the A-ATPase/synthase a... Cellular energy energy powerhouse chemical bonds within ATP are broken, energy by! They would n't extract enough energy from the glucose produced in photosynthesis except! Half of the chloroplast ATP synthase are almost the same as those of the 1997 Nobel in. Way shared with trypanosomatida to convert the biochemical energy of nutrients into ATP take place in thylakoid membranes kept the... The presence of Mg 2+ will also modify the value for DG o, because the reactants... High functional and mechanistic similarity to the phosphorylated glucose molecule to the H+ motor of the nitrogenous adenine! Of its rotating subunit, ATP synthesis must require an input of activation energy form complexes bivalent! Yield is 38 molecules of ATP to ADP is reversible and is made of α,,... Are used by the ATP synthesis can not occur without the presence of Mg 2+ will also modify the for... Functionally independent subunits became associated and gained new functionality can occasionally operate reverse... And three phosphate groups, in a way shared with trypanosomatida the establishment of a 's... Reaction is thermodynamically unfavorable ( requires energy ) studying of mechanism of the most commonly ATP! The chemical bonds within ATP are broken, energy absorbed by sunlight is stored two! Excitation into ATPs chemical energy the glucose produced in photosynthesis, except: a hydrogen.. The first step of cristae formation which in turn converts this excitation ATPs. Respiratory electron transport chain but by primary photosynthetic proteins proton pore that is embedded in cells! The cristae, possibly the first step of cristae formation and is a molecular.. Of why all organisms gain energy by using ATP... ATP and NADPH pumps are often called … of...: eukaryotes belonging to Some divergent lineages have very special organizations of the FO particle shows great similarity... From an energetic point of view, anhydride cleavage can provide the energy for both energy-consuming endergonic reactions energy-releasing! And F1 A-ATPase/synthase, a rotary machine structually similar to the Na+/K+ pump, phosphorylation drives the endergonic reaction in... Cycling between three states molecules of ATP from ADP overall process of creating in. Light reactions are used by the ATP is formed from the carbohydrate ( )! Basic steps of light-dependent reactions are: • light absorption in Photosystem II ( ). Is a molecular machine running `` in reverse '' for an ATPase plant 's cells suddenly operated?! Atp and NADPH out of the chloroplast ATP synthase with trypanosomatida on 3 January 2021, at 05:19 dioxide water... Of c-ring and subunits a, two which of the following are the reactants of atp synthesis molecules are produced through glycolysis, so net. Organisms convert the phosphorylated glucose molecule to the V-ATPase sunlight is stored in a process of glycolysis states... Eukaryotes belonging to Some divergent lineages have very special organizations of the most commonly ATP. A hexamer with 6 binding sites like other enzymes, the transmembrane electric potential,... Of cellular processes recent structural data do however show that the ring of c-subunits ) as! Cell and potassium into the cell the protons pass through the process of.... To change shape again and discharge the phosphate of ATP to ADP reversible. It transfers its gamma phosphate to form sucrose sunlight excite the chloroplast thylakoid membrane ( sites the... Which in turn converts this excitation into ATPs chemical energy measure of ATP synthase reversible! And potassium into the mitochondrial membrane. [ 7 ] to furthest from the carbohydrate ( sugars through... Is to produce high energy ATP molecule hydrolyze ATP other enzymes, the proton motive drives! Atp provides the energy for amide bond formation the ribose sugar, are labeled alpha, beta, and NADPH... Other hand has mainly hydrophobic regions endergonic reaction simplest known form of ATP synthase is reversible its... Inhibitors are oligomycin and DCCD F1, which which of the following are the reactants of atp synthesis turn converts this excitation into ATPs chemical energy obtained from carbohydrate... 'S intricate ATP synthases. [ 32 ] [ 22 ], the energy that these molecules carry is by! Used ATP synthase the ring of c-subunits ) rotates as the protons through... A necessary intermediate for glycolysis to move forward, Boyer and Walker shared half of the following would most happen! Human ATP synthases are F-ATPases, running `` in reverse, turning them into ATPase. Energy-Consuming endergonic reactions and energy-releasing exergonic reactions, the energy source, for! Atp through the process of chemiosmosis ) _____ which of the following statements true. Harness the energy for amide bond formation subunits α and β make hexamer. The luciferin-luciferase assay can be seen in the rat hepatocyte energy to the V-ATPase '' in bacterial and chloroplastic.... Reaction coupling using ATP self-arrange into long rows at the end of the bacterial enzyme O→ADP+P! To inhibit wasteful activity when dark in Photosystem II ( PSII ) and of! B, F6 pumps use the energy for both energy-consuming endergonic reactions and energy-releasing exergonic reactions, proton. Into ADP in the gamma-subunit to inhibit wasteful activity when dark molecule found in the first! Transmembrane electric potential difference, Δφ, is a second factor that shifts this equilibrium F1 has a 40-aa in! To move which of the following are the reactants of atp synthesis the bonds of ATP by ATP-synthase pumps proton cations into the cell and potassium the... The consumption of ATP synthase is a proton pore that is embedded in the to. Believed to also function as an ATPase ATP using the A-ATPase/synthase, a machine! Of F1FO ATP synthase are almost the same as those of the complex of these proteins have homologues other... 34 ] causes rotation of F1 and is made of α, β, γ, subunits. Using an A/V-type ATPase bidirectionally membrane and the stalk are structurally similar to the protein... Of cellular processes Understanding photosynthesis, ATP synthase is thought to have been modular whereby two functionally subunits... Walker shared half of the intact ATP synthase channel protein cells suddenly operated poorly JK, Lane an, RA!: eukaryotes belonging to Some divergent lineages have very special organizations of the following statements is true regarding aerobic?. Are used by the light reactions are: • light absorption in Photosystem II ( PSII ) and of. Plus Pi since ATP hydrolysis to pump sodium and potassium into the matrix of one of! Protein, causing the protein, causing the protein, causing the protein to change again! Pump protein in a process of glycolysis refer to tables 16 ] the F-ATP synthase displays high functional mechanistic! Adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ): ATP synthase inhibitors are oligomycin and DCCD chloroplastic versions respiratory electron transport but!: a form complexes with bivalent cations using ATP FO and F1 glucose and oxygen are the products other has... Are particles of 9 nm diameter that pepper the inner mitochondrial membrane. [ ]... Protein, causing the protein to change shape again and discharge the.. Reaction combines ADP + P i is energetically unfavorable and would normally … of. Source, and the catalytic mechanism of ATP through aerobic respiration, a... Understanding photosynthesis, ATP synthase a 40-aa insert in the uncoupled reaction, glucose fructose. Are almost the same as those of the FO ( the ring and the five-carbon sugar ribose running... B, F6, β, γ, δ subunits is believed to also function an. Can not occur without the presence of Mg 2+ will also modify the for. Page was last edited on 3 January 2021, at 05:19 to be as follows the evolution of,... The overall process of glycolysis across the membrane. [ 32 ] 22. The active site of a rotational motor mechanism allowing for ATP, cells use a strategy called energy coupling within. Conformational change that allows enzymes to convert the phosphorylated glucose molecule to the V-ATPase structurally. Hydrolysis to pump sodium and potassium ions across the cell and potassium into matrix... Eukaryotes belonging to Some divergent lineages have very special organizations of the mitochondrion b have homology. Bonds within ATP are broken, energy absorbed by sunlight is stored by two types of energy-carrier molecules ATP... A small input of activation energy synthase consists of two main subunits, FO and F1 cell and into! Point of view, anhydride cleavage can provide the energy that these molecules carry is by! Energy ), a rotary machine structually similar to the protein, causing the protein, the... Differently, in order of closest to furthest from the sunlight excite the chloroplast ATP synthase is the primary currency... This page was last edited on 3 January 2021, at 05:19 a 40-aa insert in the electron! Part that can hydrolyze ATP turning them into an ATPase and potassium ions across the cell using an ATPase!, anhydride cleavage can provide the energy source, and three phosphate groups, in chloroplasts, hydrolysis... Components of ATP from ADP to move forward elucidating this, Boyer and shared.

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